Strategies for managing spring frost risks in orchards: effectiveness and conditionality—A systematic review protocol

Abstract Background Spring frosts pose an important threat to orchard productivity in temperate zones and predictions of future occurrences do not exclude damaging events. However, there is no up-to-date systematic comparison the effectiveness conditionality existing passive active damage prevention strategies. This review seeks answer questions “How performances spring frost reduction strategies fruit orchards compare?” environmental conditions affect orchards?”. Methods output The covers on-site mechanisms interventions for most pome, stone citrus trees as well grapevine. Searches include core collection regional databases on Web Science platform, Scopus, specialized libraries like Agris, Agricola, CAB Abstracts, Groenekennis selected institutional websites. Included studies report at least one intervention reducing or increasing temperatures field. validity will be evaluated based their risk general research bias topic-specific, stakeholder co-designed criteria. Data extracted regarding study setup (study design, location, characteristics frosts) resulting temperature increase, crop development alteration and/or reductions. terms yields, flowers, ambient development. An Evidence Atlas identify geographic gaps, trends. Meta-regression attempted.